Climatology of total cloudiness in the Arctic: An intercomparison of observations and reanalyses amg

Total cloud fraction over the Arctic (north of 60° N) has been evaluated and intercompared based on 16 Arctic cloud climatologies from different satellite and surface observations and reanalyses. The Arctic annual-mean total cloud fraction is about 0.70±0.03 according to different observational data. It is higher over the ocean (0.74±0.04) and less over land (0.67±0.03). Different observations for total cloud fraction are in a better agreement in summer than in winter and over the ocean than over land. An interannual variability is higher in winter than in summer according to all observations. The Arctic total cloud fraction has a prominent annual cycle according to the most of observations. The time of its maximum concurs with the time of the sea-ice extent minimum (early summer - late autumn) and vice versa (late spring). The main cause of the discrepancies among observations is the difference in the cloud-detection algorithms, especially when clouds are detected over the ice/snow surface (during the whole year) or over the regions with the presence of strong low-tropospheric temperature inversions (mostly in winter). Generally, reanalyses are not in a close agreement with satellite and surface observations of cloudiness in the Arctic.